Crucial roles of Pox neuro in the developing ellipsoid body and antennal lobes of the Drosophila brain.

The paired box gene Pox neuro (Poxn) is expressed in two bilaterally symmetric neuronal clusters of the developing adult Drosophila brain, a protocerebral dorsal cluster (DC) and a deutocerebral ventral cluster (VC). We show that all cells that express Poxn in the developing brain are postmitotic neurons. During embryogenesis, the DC and VC consist of only 20 and 12 neurons that express Poxn, designated embryonic Poxn-neurons. The number of Poxn-neurons increases only during the third larval instar, when the DC and VC increase dramatically to about 242 and 109 Poxn-neurons, respectively, virtually all of which survive to the adult stage, while no new Poxn-neurons are added during metamorphosis. Although the vast majority of Poxn-neurons express Poxn only during third instar, about half of them are born by the end of embryogenesis, as demonstrated by the absence of BrdU incorporation during larval stages. At late third instar, embryonic Poxn-neurons, which begin to express Poxn during embryogenesis, can be easily distinguished from embryonic-born and larval-born Poxn-neurons, which begin to express Poxn only during third instar, (i) by the absence of Pros, (ii) their overt differentiation of axons and neurites, and (iii) the strikingly larger diameter of their cell bodies still apparent in the adult brain. The embryonic Poxn-neurons are primary neurons that lay out the pioneering tracts for the secondary Poxn-neurons, which differentiate projections and axons that follow those of the primary neurons during metamorphosis. The DC and the VC participate only in two neuropils of the adult brain. The DC forms most, if not all, of the neurons that connect the bulb (lateral triangle) with the ellipsoid body, a prominent neuropil of the central complex, while the VC forms most of the ventral projection neurons of the antennal lobe, which connect it ipsilaterally to the lateral horn, bypassing the mushroom bodies. In addition, Poxn-neurons of the VC are ventral local interneurons of the antennal lobe. In the absence of Poxn protein in the developing brain, embryonic Poxn-neurons stall their projections and cannot find their proper target neuropils, the bulb and ellipsoid body in the case of the DC, or the antennal lobe and lateral horn in the case of the VC, whereby the absence of the ellipsoid body neuropil is particularly striking. Poxn is thus crucial for pathfinding both in the DC and VC. Additional implications of our results are discussed

Redefining wellness and self-care for students from diverse backgrounds

The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with unprecedented medical and mental health problems which have disproportionately affected those in young adulthood and those from disenfranchised and underrepresented communities (Tai et al., 2021). Creative expression activities have historically assisted individuals in addressing self-care in a way that provides opportunities for externalization and containment of uncontrollable problems (e.g. trauma, violence, consequences of systemic oppression, abuse) (Thomas & Morris, 2017). Although the promotion of self-care now occurs in many universities, few students have well-developed self-care plans (Stalnaker-Shofner et al, 2021). Creative expression self-care activities that incorporate concepts of self-compassion, emotional regulation, mindfulness, boundaries, social connectedness, and wellness practices will be highlighted in this session

Comparative analysis and optimization of technical and weight parameters of turbo-electric propulsion systems

According to Flightpath 2050, the aviation industry is aiming to substantially reduce emissions over the coming decades. One possible solution to meet these ambitious goals is by moving to hybrid-electric drivetrain architectures which require the electric components to be extremely lightweight and efficient at the same time. It has been claimed in several publications that cryogenic and in particular superconducting components can help to fulfill such requirements that potentially cannot be achieved with non-cryogenic components. The purpose of this work was to make a fair comparison between a cryogenic turbo-electric propulsion system (CEPS) and a non-cryogenic turbo-electric propulsion system (TEPS) on a quantitative level. The results on the CEPS were presented in detail in a previous publication. The focus of this publication is to present the study on the TEPS, which in conclusion allows a direct comparison. For both systems the same top-level aircraft requirements were used that were derived within the project TELOS based on an exemplary mission profile and the physical measures of a 220-passenger aircraft. Our study concludes that a CEPS could be 10% to 40% lighter than a TEPS. Furthermore, a CEPS could have a total efficiency gain of up to 18% compared to a similar TEPS

Phase transition kinetics in austempered ductile iron (ADI) with regard to MO content

The phase transformation to ausferrite during austempered ductile iron (ADI) heat treatment can be significantly influenced by the alloying element Mo. Utilizing neutron diffraction, the phase transformation from austenite to ausferrite was monitored in-situ during the heat treatment. In addition to the phase volume fractions, the carbon enrichment of retained austenite was investigated. The results from neutron diffraction were compared to the macroscopic length change from dilatometer measurements. They show that the dilatometer data are only of limited use for the investigation of ausferrite formation. However, they allow deriving the time of maximum carbon accumulation in the retained austenite. In addition, the transformation of austenite during ausferritization was investigated using metallographic methods. Finally, the distribution of the alloying elements in the vicinity of the austenite/ferrite interface zone was shown by atom probe tomography (APT) measurements. C and Mn were enriched within the interface, while Si concentration was reduced. The Mo concentration in ferrite, interface and austentite stayed at the same level. The delay of austenite decay during Stage II reaction caused by Mo was studied in detail at 400 °C for the initial material as well as for 0.25 mass % and 0.50 mass % Mo additions

Blind Normalization of Speech From Different Channels

We show how to construct a channel-independent representation of speech that has propagated through a noisy reverberant channel. This is done by blindly rescaling the cepstral time series by a non-linear function, with the form of this scale function being determined by previously encountered cepstra from that channel. The rescaled form of the time series is an invariant property of it in the following sense: it is unaffected if the time series is transformed by any time-independent invertible distortion. Because a linear channel with stationary noise and impulse response transforms cepstra in this way, the new technique can be used to remove the channel dependence of a cepstral time series. In experiments, the method achieved greater channel-independence than cepstral mean normalization, and it was comparable to the combination of cepstral mean normalization and spectral subtraction, despite the fact that no measurements of channel noise or reverberations were required (unlike spectral subtraction).Comment: 25 pages, 7 figure

Sur les traces de Garkman, la grenouille, dans le Nord-Est de la Terre d’Arnhem (Australie)

Dans cet article, nous présentons des données d’ethnozoologie, à Gängan, dans une communauté aborigène, située en territoire yolngu, dans le Nord-Est de la Terre d’Arnhem, dans le nord de l’Australie. Nous passons en revue la répartition géographique des grenouilles ainsi que l’ethnozoologie de ces animaux selon la perception des Dhalwangu, un clan yolngu. Un accent particulier est mis sur les traditions et croyances liées aux amphibiens, la nomenclature locale, la taxinomie et l’histoire naturelle selon les conceptions des Dhalwangu. Une compréhension globale de Garkman, la grenouille, et de ses relations avec d’autres aspects de la culture aborigène émerge. La propagation du crapaud des cannes dans les territoires yolngu aura sûrement un impact significatif sur les autres amphibiens et, plus globalement, sur l’écosystème tout entier.In this paper, we cover some aspects of the ethnozoology  of inhabitants of Gängan, an Aboriginal  outstation located in Yolngu territory, in N.E. Arnhem  Land, Northern Australia.We review the occurrence  of frogs and the ethnozoology of these animals  as viewed by Dhalwangu, a Yolngu clan. Particular  emphasis is placed on amphibian traditions and  beliefs, local nomenclature, taxonomy, and natural  history as conceived by the Dhalwangu. A full understanding  of the symbolism of Garkman, the frog, and  its relatedness to other aspects of the culture is only  beginning to be realised. The spread of the introduced  cane toad into Yolngu land is expected to have some  impact not only on native species of frog and the  broader-ecosystem in which they inhabit, but also on  the traditional views of Yolngu people